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污染英语动词和名词(污染的动词英语单词)

污染英语动词和名词(污染的动词英语单词)

本篇文章给大家谈谈污染英语动词和名词,以及污染的动词英语单词对应的知识点,希望对各位有所帮助,不要忘了收藏本站喔。

本文目录一览:

英语语法

不定式和动名词作主语的区别:

(1) 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。

Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)

It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)

(2) 动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事

或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)

To finish the task will take a long time. 要完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。(具体)

(3) 不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别:

(1) 不定式作表语

1) 不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做两件事等于未做。

2)如果主语是不定式,表语也必须是不定式。

To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。

3) 如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等

为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. 他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始干。

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.

(2) 动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。

Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。

His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。

(3) 分词作表语

分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试

中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不

是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴

的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,

凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。例:

The cartoon is interesting to children. 这部卡通片对孩子来说令人兴趣。

Children are interested in the cartoon. 孩子们对这部卡通片感兴趣。

这类动词常见的有:

delighting 令人高兴的-- delighted 感到高兴的

disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的

encouraging 令人鼓舞的-- encouraged 感到鼓舞的

exciting 令人激动的-- excited 感到激动的

interesting 令人感到高兴-- interested 感到高兴的

pleasing 令人愉快的-- pleased 感到愉快的

puzzling 令人费解的-- puzzled 感到费解的

satisfying 令人满意的--- satisfied 感到满意的

surprising 令人惊异的-- surprised 感到惊异的

worrying 令人担心的-- worried 感到担心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊

涂的。

The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。

不定式和动名词作宾语的区别:

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:

(1) 不定式做宾语和宾语补足语

1) 下面的动词要求不定式做宾语

afford负担得起 agree同意 appear似乎,显得 arrange安排

ask问 attempt企图 beg请求 begin开始

choose选择 claim要求 decide决定 demand要求

desire愿望 determine决定 expect期望 fail不能

forget忘记 happen碰巧 hate憎恨,厌恶 hesitate犹豫

hope希望 intend想要 learn学习 long渴望

love爱 manage设法 mean意欲,打算 need需要

neglect忽视 offer提供 omit忽略,漏 other扰乱;烦恼

plan计划 prefer喜欢,宁愿 prepare准备 pretend假装

promise承诺,允许 refuse拒绝 regret抱歉,遗憾 seek找,寻觅

start开始 try试图 volunteer志愿 want想要

wish希望

例如:He managed to pass the maths exam this time. 这次他设法通过了数学考试。

2) 下面的动词可用不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式:

advise劝告 allow允许 ask要求,邀请 beg请求

cause引起 command命令 direct指导 drive驱赶

enable使能够 encourage鼓励 entitle有资格 forbid禁止

force强迫 get请,得到 hate憎恶 help帮助

inspire鼓舞 instruct指示 intend想要,企图 invite吸引,邀请

lead引起,使得 leave使,让 like喜欢 mean意欲,打算

need需要 oblige不得不 order命令 permit允许

prefer喜欢,宁愿 prompt促使 pronounce断定 recommend劝告,推荐

remind提醒 request请求 require要求 teach教

tell告诉 tempt劝诱 train训练 urge激励,力说

want想要 warn告诫 wish希望

例如:Teachers often encourage us to learn English well. 老师经常鼓励我们要学好英语。

(2) 有些动词只能用动名词作宾语

admit 承认 appreciate 欣赏 avoid避免 bear忍受

can’t help不禁 can’t stand受不了 confess坦白 consider 考虑

delay延迟 deny否认 dislike不喜欢,讨厌 endure忍受

enjoy享有,喜爱 escape逃跑,逃避 excuse借口 favor 造成,偏爱

finish完成,结束不得 forgive原谅 hate讨厌 imagine设想

involve卷入,包含 keep保持 mention说到,讲到 mind 介意

miss错过 permit 允许 postpone延迟,延期 practise 实行,实践

prevent阻止 resist抵抗,阻止 risk冒险 suggest建议

tolerate忍受

例如:They decided to delay holding the sports meeting because of the hard rain.

由于大雨他们决定推迟召开运动会。

(3)有些动词比如allow, advise, permit, encourage等后面直接跟动词只能是动名词,如果后面跟宾补则只能是不定式。例如:

Our school allows using calculators in the maths exam. 我们学校允许在数学考试中使用计算器。

Our school allows students to use calculators in the maths exam. 我们学校允许学生在数学考试中

使用计算器。

(4) 有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)

forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)

2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)

remember doing记得做过某事(已做)

4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾

regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔

5)try to do努力、企图做某事

try doing试验、试一试某种办法

6) mean to do打算,有意要…

mean doing意味着

7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)

go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)

8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)

proposing doing建议(做某事)

9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念

(注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如:

I should like to see him tomorrow.

10)need, want, require, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意

思。 例:

The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 这房间需要打扫一下。

Don’t you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。

I don’t regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)

I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。(未

做但要做)

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

Let’s try doing the work some other way.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。

I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了这种病(你)就要进医院。

不定式和分词作状语的区别:

(1) 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。

现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的

区别。

1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。

He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮

忙。

2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关

系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会

长得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遭遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克

服它们。

(2) 动词不定式和分词作状语放在句末的区别

1) 分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)

They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)

2) 分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除

了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。

Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原

因)

Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些

从前不知道的东西。(时间)

Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条

件)

His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)

The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)

We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)

(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:

A:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/glad/anxious to 表

示肯定意义。 例:

You will never be too careful in the exam. 考试时你越仔细越好。

He is too careful not to notice something abnormal. 他很仔细会注意到异常情况的。

B:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told,

form, give, make, produce, say等。 例如:

I was too angry at that to say about it. 我对此气得话也说不出来。

He hurried to the bank only to find/be told that it was closed. 他匆匆忙忙赶到银行却发现关门

了。

C:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。 例:

Li Ming’s mother went to the lecture hall early for him to get a good seat. 李明的母亲一早就去演讲厅了,为了让他可以得到一个好座位。

动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

1、不定式的形式:

主 动 被 动

一般式 To write to be written

进行式 to be writing /

完成式 to have written to have been written

否定式:not + (to) do

1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,

例如:

I’m glad to meet you.

He seems to know a lot.

We plan to pay a visit.

He wants to be an artist.

The patient asked to be operated on at once.

The teacher ordered the work to be done.

2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:

The boy pretended to be working hard.

He seems to be reading in his room.

3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:

I regretted to have told a lie.

I happened to have seen the film.

He is pleased to have met his friend.

2、不定式的句法功能:

1)作主语:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

To lose your heart means failure.

动词不定式短语作主语时,常用形式主语it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

It means failure to lose your heart.

2)作表语:

Her job is to clean the hall.

He appears to have caught a cold.

3)作宾语:

常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:

I have no choice but to stay here.

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:

He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

4)作宾语补足语:

在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:

With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:

I saw him cross the road.

He was seen to cross the road.

5)作定语:

动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

A)动宾关系:

I have a meeting to attend.

注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

He found a good house to live in.

The child has nothing to worry about.

What did you open it with?

如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

He has no place to live.

This is the best way to work out this problem.

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

Have you got anything to send?

Have you got anything to be sent?

B)说明所修饰名词的内容:

We have made a plan to finish the work.

C)被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:

He is the first to get here.

6)作状语:

A)表目的:

He worked day and night to get the money.

She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.

注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

wrong: To save money, every means has been tried.

right: To save money, he has tried every means.

wrong: To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.

right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.

B)表结果:

He arrived late to find the train gone.

常用only放在不定式前表示强调:

I visited him only to find him out.

C)表原因:

They were very sad to hear the news.

D)表程度:

It’s too dark for us to see anything.

The question is simple for him to answer.

7)作独立成分:

To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.

8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。

If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.

9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。

He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

(二)动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。

1、动名词的形式:

语 态 主动语态 被动语态

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

否定式:not + 动名词

1)一般式:

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

2)被动式:

He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

3)完成式:

We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

4)完成被动式:

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

5)否定式:not + 动名词

I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

2、动名词的句法功能:

1)作主语:

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。

2)作表语:

In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

3)作宾语:

They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。

注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:

We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

4)作定语:

He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗?

5)作同位语:

The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

动名词的用法

动名词在句中起名词的作用,可以充当主语、表语、宾语(动词宾语或介词宾语)。它可以有自己的定语、宾语或状语。

1)动名词作主语

Seeing is believing. Talking mends no holes.Taking a cold shower every morning does him a lot good.____in an atmosphere of simply living was what her parents wished for. (CET-4 1999,1)

A) The girl to be educated

B) The girl educated

C) The girl's being educated

D) The girl was educated

动名词和不定式都可以做主语。不定式做主语表示具体的动作,动名词做主语则可以表示抽象或一般性的动作或情况。根据句意,这个女孩在朴素的生活环境中接受教育是她的父母所希望的,接受教育不是具体的一次性动作,因此用动名词,答案为C。当动名词做主语时,我们常用先行词it作形式主语,而把真正的主语动名词放到句尾,特别要注意如下结构:It is useless (no use, no good, no harm) doing... It is a waste of time doing... It is worthwhile doing...

【例如】

It is no use crying over spilt milk.It is a waste of time discussing such matters with him.It is no good leaving today's work for tomorrow.

2)动名词作动词宾语动名词作动词宾语是大学英语四级考试的重要内容。

a)英语中有些动词后面只能跟动名词作它的宾语。这类动词常见的有:admit, advice, anticipate, appreciate, avoid,consider, delay,deny,dislike, enjoy,escape,excuse, fancy,favor, finish,imagine,include , keep, mind,miss, postpone, practise,prevent , propose, resist, risk, suggest等。

【例如】

Mike often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.The doctor suggested that I avoid smoking and drinking for a month.Would you mind opening the window?The murderer denied killing the rich man.I would appreciate ____it a secret. (CET-4 1995,6)

A) your keeping B) you to keep

C) that you keep D) that you will keep

appreciate后面一般加动名词做宾语,动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语,因此答案为A。

That young guy still denies____the fire behind the store. (CET-4 2000,12)

A) to start B)shavingsstarted

C) start D) to have started

Deny后面加动名词作宾语,而且引发火灾是在否认这一动做之前,所以用动名词的完成式,答案为B。

b)动名词在demand, deserve, need, require, want等动词后面作宾语时,表示被动的意思。

【例如】

My shoes need mending.The following language points deserve mentioning.This matter demands discussing.Your hair wants ____. You had better have it done now. (CET-4 1997, 1)

A) cut B) to cut

C) cutting D) being cut

Want, need, require等动词后经常加动名词做宾语,表示被动的意思,故答案为C。

c)有些短语动词和结构后面也要求跟动名词作宾语。这样的短语动词常见的有:feel like,give up,go on,object/objection to,put off,keep on,insist on,leave off,look forward to,think of, can't help, be/get used to, spend...in , have difficulty in, have trouble/a hard time in, there be no need, confess to等。

【例如】

Do you feel like going out for dinner with me tonight?Chinese people are looking forward to holding the 27th Olympic games.I am used to going to bed late and getting up late.Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ____late for his lecture. (CET-4 1998,1)

A) to have students B) for students' being C) for students to be D) to students' being

be/get used to doing表示习惯于干什么,是固定用法,因此答案为D。

I have no objection____ your story again. (CET-4 2000,6)

A) to hear B) to hearing

C) toshavingsheard D) to have heard

object/objection to doing是固定用法,因此A和D可以排除。动名词的完成式表示其动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,而句中听的动作还没有进行,因此用动名词的一般式,答案为B。

d)有些动词既可以加动名词,又可以加不定式,两者在意义上有差别。这些动词有:forget, like, remember, regret, try等。forget to do:忘记去做某事,还没有做。

【例如】

Don't forget to take an umbrella when you go out.forget doing:忘了做过某事。

【例如】

I'll never forget ____you for the first time. (CET-4 2000,12)

A) to meet B) to have met

C) meeting D)shavingsto be meetig

forget to do表示忘记去做某事,还没有做。forget doing表示忘了做过某事。根据句意:我永远不会忘记第一次遇到你,遇到的动作已经发生,应选择动名词,答案为C.remember to do:记住去做某事,还没有做。

【例如】

I will remember to write to you often.If I had remembered ____the window, the thief would not have got in.(CET-4 1996,1)

A) to close B) closing

C) to have closed D)shavingsclosed

remember to do表示记得要做某事,还没有做。根据句意,如果我记得去关窗户,小偷就不会进来,窗户很明显没有关,所以用不定式,答案为A。remember doing:记得做过某事。

【例如】

I remembered putting my wallet in the bag, but I could not find it.

regret to do:遗憾做某事,经常用:regret to say

【例如】

I regret to say that I can't accept your invitation.

regret doing:后悔做过某事。

【例如】

I regret notshavingstaken your advice.

try to do:尽力做某事。

【例如】

One should try to do everything well.

try doing:试着做某事。【例如】

I tried cooking, but I failed.

3)动名词作介词宾语

动名词作介词宾语,并且和介词构成介词短语。

【例如】

She left without saying anything to us.Man's dream of landing on the moon came true in1968.I am afraid of being punished by the teacher.Ann never dreams of ____for her to be sent abroad very soon.(CET-4 1998,6)

A) there being a chance B) there to be

C) there be a chance D) being a chance

of为介词,后面接动名词做宾语,因此B和C都可以排除。另外,根据句意:安妮从来没有梦想过她有一个很快被送出国的机会,介词后面含有“有”的意思,用there be结构表达,故正确答案为A.

为什么英语语法填空中,我做了这麽多,都有一个特点,就是动词引导的做伴随状语都用动词ing形式而不用

因为一般伴随状语和主语的关系是主动的,所以常用Ing的形式,

动词的非谓语形式有三种:不定式、动名词和分词

动词不定式

动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

否定式:not + (to) do

以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下: 

(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.

例如:

I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。

He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。

(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:

The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。

He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。

(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:

I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。

I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。

 不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。

To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。

动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。

It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。

常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。常用 careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise, 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。

(2)作表语:

Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。

He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。

(3)作宾语:

常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。

动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:

I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择。

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:

He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。

(4)作宾语补足语:

在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:

With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema. 他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:

I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。

He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。

(5)作定语:

动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

①动宾关系:

I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。

注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。

如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

He has no place to live. 他无处安身。

This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗?

Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?

②说明所修饰名词的内容:

We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。

③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:

He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。

(6)作状语:

①表目的:

He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。

She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。

注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.

right:To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。

wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.

right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。

②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外): 常放在never only后

He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。

I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了。

③表原因:常放在形容词后面

They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。

④表程度:

It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见。

The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。

(7)作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾

To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式。

(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。

If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。

(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。

He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。

动名词

动名词:

动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。

一般式

(谓语动词同时发生) doing being done

完成式

(谓语动词发生之前) having done having been done

动名词的形式: Ving

否定式:not + 动名词

(1)一般式:

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

(2)被动式:

He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

(3)完成式:

We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

(4)完成被动式:

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

(5)否定式:not + 动名词

I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

His not knowing English troubled him a lot.

他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

(2)作表语:

In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.

在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

(3)作宾语:

They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted.

我们必须阻止空气被污染。

注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:

We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

(4)作定语:

He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?

(5)作同位语:

The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.

他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

请指点一下关于英语的词性,如forget+doing/to do

在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive);动名词(the Gerund);现在分词(the Present Participle);过去分词(the Past Participle)。

1.非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:

(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:

They built a garden.

They suggested building a garden.

(2)都可以被状语修饰:

The suit fits him very well.

The suit used to fit him very well.

(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:

He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)

He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)

We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)

Having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式)

(4)都可以有逻辑主语

They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)

The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)

We are League members.(谓语动词的主语)

We being League member, the work was well done.

(现在分词的逻辑主语)

2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:

(1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。

(2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。

(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。

(二)非谓语动词的句法功能:

二、非谓语动词用法:

(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

1.不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)

否定式:not + (to) do

(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,

例如:

I'm glad to meet you.

He seems to know a lot.

We plan to pay a visit.

He wants to be an artist.

The patient asked to be operated on at once.

The teacher ordered the work to be done.

(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:

The boy pretended to be working hard.

He seems to be reading in his room.

(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:

I regretted to have told a lie.

I happened to have seen the film.

He is pleased to have met his friend.

2.不定式的句法功能:

(1)作主语:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

To lose your heart means failure.

动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

It means failure to lose your heart.

(2)作表语:

Her job is to clean the hall.

He appears to have caught a cold.

(3)作宾语:

常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:

I have no choice but to stay here.

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:

He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

(4)作宾语补足语:

在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:

With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:

I saw him cross the road.

He was seen to cross the road.

(5)作定语:

动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

①动宾关系:

I have a meeting to attend.

注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

He found a good house to live in.

The child has nothing to worry about.

What did you open it with?

如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

He has no place to live.

This is the best way to work out this problem.

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

Have you got anything to send?

Have you got anything to be sent?

②说明所修饰名词的内容:

We have made a plan to finish the work.

③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:

He is the first to get here.

(6)作状语:

①表目的:

He worked day and night to get the money.

She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.

注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.

right:To save money, he has tried every means.

wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.

right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.

②表结果:

He arrived late to find the train gone.

常用only放在不定式前表示强调:

I visited him only to find him out.

③表原因:

They were very sad to hear the news.

④表程度:

It's too dark for us to see anything.

The question is simple for him to answer.

(7)作独立成分:

To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.

(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。

If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.

(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。

He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

(二)动名词:

动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。

1.动名词的形式:

否定式:not + 动名词

(1)一般式:

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

(2)被动式:

He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

(3)完成式:

We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

(4)完成被动式:

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

(5)否定式:not + 动名词

I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

His not knowing English troubled him a lot.

他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

2.动名词的句法功能:

(1)作主语:

Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

(2)作表语:

In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.

在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

(3)作宾语:

They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted.

我们必须阻止空气被污染。

注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:

We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

(4)作定语:

He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?

(5)作同位语:

The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.

他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

(三)现在分词:

现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。

1、现在分词的形式:

否定式:not + 现在分词

(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成

式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:

They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。

Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。

(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动

词之前的被动的动作。

The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。

Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.

被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。

2.现在分词的句法功能:

(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语

放在名词后。

In the following years he worked even harder.

在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.

(2)现在分词作表语:

The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。

The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。

be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

(3)作宾语补足语:

如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:

see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。

(4)现在分词作状语:

①作时间状语:

(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。

②作原因状语:

Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。

③作方式状语,表示伴随:

He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。

④作条件状语:

(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。

⑤作结果状语:

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。

⑥作目的状语:

He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。

⑦作让步状语:

Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。

⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:

I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.

我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。

All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.

所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。

Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.

如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。

有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式

With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。

⑨作独立成分:

udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.

从外表看,他一定是个演员。

Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。

(四)过去分词:

过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。

过去分词的句法功能:

1.过去分词作定语:

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。

Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。

注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

2.过去分词作表语:

The window is broken. 窗户破了。

They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:

The window is broken.(系表)

The window was broken by the boy.(被动)

有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:

boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)

newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)

the changed world(变了的世界)

这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。

3.过去分词作宾语补足语:

I heard the song sung several times last week.

上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。

有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:

With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。

4.过去分词作状语:

Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.

受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)

Once seen, it can never be forgotten.

一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)

Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.

如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)

Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)

Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。

水用英语怎么说?

水用英语表达为:water

一、音标: 英 ['wɔːtə(r)]     美 ['wɔːtər]    

二、意思:

n. 水;海域;雨水;海水

v. 给 ... 浇水;给 ... 供水;加水稀释;充满眼泪;给...水喝

三、词形变化:

名词: waterer 过去式: watered 过去分词: watered 现在分词: watering 第三人称单数: waters

四、词语搭配:

absorb water 吸水

add water 添水

administer water 管理水

agitate water 摇动水

boil water 煮(沸)水

bleak water 阴冷的水

blessed water 福水

boiled water 开水

a basin of water 一盆水

a body of water 一片水

a bottle of water 一瓶水

a bowl of water 一碗水

a glass of water 一杯水

五、用法:

water的基本意思是“水”,引申可指“水深”“水面”“水路”,有时也指“(生物体内的)液体”“分泌液”,如尿、口水、胃液、羊水等。还可指“(品质或类型的)程度”。

在表示“(海、江、湖、池、河等大片的)水域”时, water常用复数形式,此时常与定冠词the连用。

water用作名词时意思是“水”,转化为动词意为“给…浇水〔洒水〕”,引申可表示“在…里掺水”“给…喂水”“流下泪〔口水〕”等。

water既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。用作及物动词时,接名词或代词作宾语; 用作不及物动词时,常与down连用。可用于被动结构。

六、例句:

The water can be drunk.

那些水可以喝。

Water is changed into steam by heat and into ice by cold.

水加热后变蒸汽,冷却后结冰。

Dry earth absorbs water quickly.

干土吸水很快。

She is watering the sunflowers.

她正给向日葵浇水。

It's very dry, we must water the roses.

天气很干燥,我们必须给玫瑰花浇水。

职称英语重点语法考点解析之非谓语动词

一、动名词

1.定义:

动名词是由动词或动词短语转换而成的名词性结构,其构成的形式是在动词或动词短语的动词后面加上ing.

2.功能:

动名词(或动名词短语)在句中起名词的作用,可用作主语、表语、宾语(动词或介词的宾语)和定语等。

(1)作主语

e.g. Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

(2)作表语

e.g. In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

(3)作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)

e.g. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。

(4)作定语

e.g He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

3.考点:

动名词在职称英语中往往不是不直接进行考察,而是把动名词结构放在英语的句子中,然后考察考生对句含动名词结构的这个句子的句意的准确了解。所以,考生在复习中主要需要弄清楚动名词在英语句子中的四种语法功能。

4.与分词做定语的区别:

现在分词由原形动词+ing构成,如designing,leaving,stopping等现在分词作定语时,表示正在进行的动作,或经常性的动作,或表示现状。由此可见现在分词与动名词结构在“形”上相似。考生需要能区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的情况。动名词作定语往往表示所修饰的名词的功能/用语,现在分词作定语强调分词结构中的动作正在进行。

Give the note to theloudly-speaking(现在分词作定语)man. 请把便条交给坐在正在高声说话的人。

I‘d like to buy a washing(动名词作定语)maching.(a machine for washing)。 我想要一台洗衣机。

5.常接动名词作宾语的动词:

acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enioy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,f1orgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep,mind,miss,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate

6.动名词的习惯用法与句型:

be busy/active doinz sth. have difficulty/trouble/problems/struggle(in)doing sth. It's no good/use doing sth. have a good/hard/difficuh time doing sth. spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/use/good(in)doing sth. cannot help doing sth. There is no use doing sth

二、不定式

1、动词不定式形式:(to)+do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征;否定式:not+(to) do

2、不定式的句法功能:

(1)作主语:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

To lose your heart means failure.

动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

It means failure to lose your heart.

常用句式有:

1、It+be+名词+to do.

2、It takes sb.+some time+to do.

3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do.

4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do.

常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。

(2)作表语:

Her job is to clean the hall.

He appears to have caught a cold.

(3)作宾语:

常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如: I have no choice but to stay here.

He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

(4)作宾语补足语: 在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. /He was seen to cross the road.

(5)作定语:

动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

①动宾关系:

I have a meeting to attend.

注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

He found a good house to live in.

The child has nothing to worry about.

如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

He has no place to live.

This is the best way to work out this problem.

如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

Have you got anything to send?

Have you got anything to be sent?

②说明所修饰名词的内容:

We have made a plan to finish the work.

③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:

He is the first to get here.

3、难点解析

(1)接不定式或动名词在意思上有区别的动词:

fmean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)

mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)

forget to do忘记(要做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)

forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)

regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾go on to do继而(做另一件事)

regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔go on doing继续(做原来的事)

fstop to do停下来去做另一件事

stop doing停止正在做的事

(2)下列动词短语中的to是介词,后面应接动名词或名词:

object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be committed to.be exposed to,be subjected to,be devoted to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciled to,be contrary to

三、分词

1. 分词作定语

1) 分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语,也可以放在所修饰的词后面,作后置定语。其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如:

Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)

预定的座位在哪里?

This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)

这是一个紧迫的问题。

2) 分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。例如:

The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.

筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。

There are many students waiting (= who are waiting) to get examined.

有许多学生在等待检查。

This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.

本书是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者。

3) 分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。例如:

The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.

那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。

The newly-built building is our office building.

这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。

4) 有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。例如:

There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.

秋天有许多落叶。

The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.

这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。

常用的这一类词有:fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等。

2. 分词作宾语补足语

1) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如:

When they returned home from the holiday, they found their house stolen.

当他们度假完回到家时,发现房子被盗了。(过去分词表示被动)

2) 在复合宾语中,用现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系。例如:

There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.

由于十分吵闹,讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。

When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.

他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。

3. 分词作状语

1) 分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句;表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如:

Confined to bed (= Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be waited on in everything.

她卧病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因状语)

Having only book knowledge (= If you only have book knowledge), you will not be able to work well.

如果只有书本知识,你就不可能做好工作。(作条件状语)

They stood there waiting for the bus. (=They stood there and waited for the bus.)

他们站在那里等公共汽车。(作方式状语)

2) 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较

不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语,如果单独作状语,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句,如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构,就用过去分词;如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构,就用现在分词。有时为了强调,分词前可带连词when, while, if, though, as if, unless等一起作状语,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如:

Working hard (If you work hard), you will succeed.

如果你努力,你会成功的。

Defeated (= Though he was defeated), he remained a popular boxer.

虽然他被击败了,但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。

4. 分词的独立结构

1) 分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则,分词必须有自己的主语,这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构,或叫独立主格。在句中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件等。例如:

The project finished, they had a two weeks' leave.

完成那个计划后,他们休了两周假。

He being absent, nothing could be done.

由于他缺席,什么事也没法干。

2) 独立结构有时也可以用“with/ without +名词(或代词的宾语)+ 分词”的结构,表示伴随状况。例如:

They sat there silently, (with) their eyes fixedon the lake.

他们静静地坐在那里,眼睛看着湖面。

With him helping me, I felt lucky.

有他的帮助,我感到很幸运。

5 . 容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词

像 interesting 和 interested 一类的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下区分:

( 1 )一部分表示“情感;心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人……的;具有……性质的”的意思,常用来说明人或事物的特征或性质。如:

The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.

( 2 )它们的过去分词有“感到……的”的意思,用来指人的感觉或所处的状态,因而它的主语一般不可能是指物的词。如:

He was too excited to fall asleep.

这类容易混淆的分词常见的有: encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。

经典例题解析:

1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did‘t include women players until 1919.

A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing

析:根据题干,必须选表示被动的选项,故排除A、D;因B选项表“将要被举行”意,不合题干之用,只有C选项(相当于which was first played)才合用。

2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.

A.making B.makes C.made D.to make

析:B、C是谓语动词,在此不可用。D项to make或表目的,或表“将要使得”,这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语,表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例: The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻,因而耽误了。

3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.

A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking

析:根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项,C、D应排除。Take后无宾语,必然要用被动式,故答案为A.

4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.

A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing

析:根据be made to do sth.句式,可定答案为A.

5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.

A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating

析:根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式,可排除B、D两项;又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律,又可排除A,而定C.

6.——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change?

A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going

析:此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D.若将B项改为try to go,则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容,乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样,所以答案仍为D.

7.______ a reply,he decided to write again.

A.Not receiving B.Receiving not

C.Not having received D.Having not received

析:非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位,B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作,只有选C项才表没收到信在先,决定再写信在后,所以C为正确答案。

8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.

A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented

析:consider表“考虑”意时,其后动词用doing形式,此处不表“考虑”,而表“认为”,这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意,不合题用,只有C表“发明了”意,才合题用,故选C.

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