大气污染英文ppt（大气污染英文怎么说）

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本文目录一览：

• 1、环保系列科普——（1）什么是大气污染？
• 2、谁能帮我找到20世纪全球十大污染事件的英文简介
• 3、请给我12个pollution(污染)要英文
• 4、（120字左右）用英语介绍造成空气污染的成因带翻译

环保系列科普——（1）什么是大气污染？

（1）按照国际标准化组织（ISO）定义，大气污染通常是指由于人类活动或自然过程引起某些物质进入大气中，呈现出足够的浓度，达到足够的时间，并因此危害了人体的舒适、健康和福利或环境污染的现象。因此，大气污染的形成及危害程度，不仅是以空气中是否存在某种有害物质来衡量，还需考虑其作用的浓度和时间等因素。

（2）根据世界卫生组织（WHO）规定，大气污染，是指室外的大气中若存在人为造成的污染物质，其含量与浓度及持续时间可引起多数居民的不适感，在很大范围内危害公共卫生，并使人类、动植物生活处于受妨碍的状态。

大气污染物按形成过程可分为一次污染物和二次污染物。所谓一次污染物，是指直接从污染源排放的污染物质，如一氧化碳、二氧化硫等。二次污染物则是指由一次污染物经化学反应或光化学反应形成的污染物，如臭氧、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、二次有机颗粒物等。

常见的大气污染物如下：

（1）含硫化合物：二氧化硫（SO2）、硫化氢（H2S）、硫酸盐（SO42-）等；

（2）含氮化合物：氮氧化物（NOx）、氨（NH3）、硝酸盐（NO3-）等；

（3）颗粒物：总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、细颗粒物（PM2.5）等；

（4）挥发性有机物（VOCs）：可分为烷烃类、芳香烃类、烯烃类、卤代烃类、酯类、醛类、酮类等类别，常见的VOCs有苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、三氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、二异氰酸酯等；

（5）持久性有机污染物（POPs）：艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、滴滴涕、七氯、氯丹、灭蚁灵、毒杀芬、六氯苯、多氯联苯、多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃等；

（6）光化学氧化剂：臭氧（O3）、过氧乙酰基硝酸酯（PAN）、大气中的自由基等；

（7）碳的氧化物：一氧化碳（CO）、二氧化碳（CO2）等；

（8）卤素化合物：氟化物、含溴化合物等。

重点大气污染物，是指国家和省人民政府根据改善大气环境质量的需要，作为约束性指标纳入国民经济和社会发展规划，确定实施排放总量控制和削减的大气污染物，如二氧化硫、氮氧化物等。

有毒有害大气污染物，是指列入国家有毒有害大气污染物名录的对人体健康和生态环境产生危害和影响的大气污染物。

大气颗粒物是悬浮在大气中的固体和液体颗粒，粒径范围是几纳米到100微米。根据空气动力学当量直径划分，常见的大气颗粒物包括可划分为总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）和细颗粒物（PM2.5），三者的空气动力学直径分别为小于或等于100微米、小于或等于10微米、小于或等于2.5微米，其中TSP包含PM10和PM2.5，PM10包含PM2.5。

光化学氧化剂（Ox）是由天然源和人为源排放的氮氧化物和挥发性有机物，在太阳光照射下，发生光化学反应生成的。它主要包括臭氧（O3）、过氧乙酰硝酸脂（PAN）、二氧化氮（NO2）、醛类（RCHO）、过氧化氢（H2O2）等能危害植物，具有刺激性、氧化性的物质。其中O3是代表者，一般占Ox的90%以上，其次是PAN。

VOCs是挥发性有机物英文名“Volatile Organic Compounds”的缩写。不同机构和组织出于不同的管理、控制或研究需要，对VOCs的定义不尽相同。美国ASTM D3960-98标准将VOC定义为，任何能参加大气光化学反应的有机化合物。美国国家环保局（EPA）将VOC定义为，除一氧化碳、二氧化碳、碳酸、金属碳化物、金属碳酸盐和碳酸铵外，任何参加大气光化学反应的碳化合物。世界卫生组织（WHO,1989）对总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）的定义为，熔点低于室温而沸点在50-260℃之间的挥发性有机化合物的总称。我国《合成树脂工业污染物排放标准》（GB 31572-2015）、《石油化工工业污染物排放标准》（GB 31571-2015）、《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》（GB 31570-2015）将VOCs定义为，参与大气光化学反应的有机化合物，或者根据规定的方法测量或核算确定的有机化合物。

按化学结构，可将VOCs分为烷烃类（如正己烷、正戊烷）、芳香烃类（如苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、苯乙烯）、烯烃类（如异丁烯、1,3-丁二烯）、卤代烃类（如三氯甲烷、溴甲烷、三氯乙烯）、酯类（如乙酸戊酯、醋酸甲酯）、醛类（如甲醛、糠醛）、酮类（如丙酮、环己酮）等类别。

非甲烷总烃，是指除甲烷以外的碳氢化合物（其中主要是C2-C8）的总称。

POPs是持久性有机污染物英文名“Persistent Organic Pollutants”的缩写，是指人类合成的能持久存在于环境中、通过食物链累积，并对人类健康和环境造成有害影响的化学物质。这些物质可造成人体内分泌系统紊乱，生殖和免疫系统受到破坏，并诱发癌症和神经性疾病。首批被《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》列入受控清单的12种POPs是艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、滴滴涕、七氯、氯丹、灭蚁灵、毒杀芬、六氯苯、多氯联苯、多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃。

恶臭污染物，是指一切刺激嗅觉器官引起人们不愉快及损坏生活环境的气体物质。

谁能帮我找到20世纪全球十大污染事件的英文简介

找了很多关于污染的网页,无意发现了这一页,具体地让偶都汗了好几下~~~好佩服自己,呵呵

顺便把19,20,21世纪有的都给你找来了,呵呵。不过都是关于空气污染的。

1827 French scientist J.B. Fourier outlines atmospheric process by which earth’s temperature is altered, using a hothouse analogy.

1880s First U.S. municipal smoke abatement laws aimed at reducing black smoke and ash from factories, railroads, and ships. Regulation under local boards of health.

1909 Glasgow, Scotland, winter inversions and smoke accumulations kill over 1,000. Preparing a report about the incidents, Dr. Harold Antoine Des Voeux coins term “smog” as a contraction for smoke-fog.

1921 General Motors researchers discover tetraethyl lead as an anti-knock gasoline additive. Despite warnings about its danger, the new gasoline goes on sale without safety tests within 14 months.

-NWCAPP Home

-Northwest Air Priorities

-Promising Projects

-Air Quality in the Pacific Northwest

-News

-Northwest Air Summit

-Leadership Team

1926 First large-scale survey of air pollution in U.S., in Salt Lake City.

1928 PHS begins checking air pollution in eastern US cities, reporting sunlight cut by 20 to 50 percent in New York City.

1947 Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District formed; first air pollution control bureau in the nation.

1948 Air pollution inversion episode in Donora, Pennsylvania, kills 20 people and makes 40 percent of the town’s 14,000 inhabitants ill.

1948 600 deaths in London due to killer fog.

1949 Cleaner Air Week is started by the Air Pollution Control Association to commemorate the Donora air inversion.

1949 First national conference on air pollution sponsored by Public Health Service.

1950 Poza Rica killer smog incident leaves 22 dead, hundreds hospitalized in Mexico.

1952 Sulfur-laden smog covers London and is responsible for 4,000 deaths over a two-week period.

1953 New York smog incident kills between 170 and 260 in November.

1955 Congress passes Air Pollution Research Act.

1956 Another killer smog in London; 1,000 die.

1963 Air pollution inversion in New York leads to 405 deaths.

1966 Air pollution inversion in New York leads to 168 deaths.

1967 Air Quality Control Act passed by Congress, setting timetable for states to establish their own air quality standards.

1970 First Earth Day celebration.

1970 Congress passes the Clean Air Act, allowing the newly created Environmental Protection Agency to set national air quality standards. Also allowed states to establish their own stricter standards, which California did.

1975 Catalytic converter developed and used on auto emissions systems. Cuts hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions by 96 percent and nitrogen oxides by 75 percent.

1977 Revised Clean Air Act Amendments passed by Congress, providing more time for areas with more serious air quality problems to comply with standards.

1980 With phase out of lead in gasoline, blood-lead levels drop by 50%.

1984 Methyl isocyanate gas release from Union Carbide plant kills 16,000 people.

1987 Indoor Air Quality Act first introduced into Congress to address the pervasive problem of indoor air pollution.

1988 EPA establishes Indoor Air Division of the Office of Air and Radiation to address indoor air quality issues.

1988 Congress approves Indoor Radon Abatement Act to assess extent of indoor radon problem, educate public on hazards of exposure and improve testing and repair technology.

1989 EPA publishes first Toxic Release Inventory.

1990 National ban on smoking aboard domestic flights enacted, protecting passengers from the dangers of secondhand smoke.

1990 Further revisions to Clean Air Act Amendments are passed by Congress, this time providing more time to comply with standards but requiring that cities implement specific air pollution control measures.

1993 EPA reviews ozone standard, but chooses not to revise it.

1997 EPA strengthens the standard for particulate matter air pollution.

1999 Clinton Administration announces federal plan that would for the first time require all private passenger vehicles– including sport-utility vehicles and diesel-powered vehicles– to meet the same tough clean air standards.

2000 EPA passes new rule for diesel, capping sulfur levels in diesel fuel at 15 parts per million by 2007.

2003 EPA proposes new nonroad diesel emissions reduction plan.

请给我12个pollution(污染)要英文

acoustical pollution 声(响)污染 aerial pollution 空气污染 agricultural pollution 农业污染 air(borne) pollution 大气污染 aquatic pollution 水污染 atmospheric pollution 大气污染 bacterial pollution 细菌污染 chronic pollution 慢性[长期]污染 coal *** oke pollution 煤烟污染 coastal pollution 沿[近]岸污染 bustion pollution 燃烧污染 munity pollution 居民区污染 cyanide pollution 氰化物污染 dust pollution 灰尘污染 environment pollution 环境污染 food pollution 食物[食品]污染 freshwater pollution 淡水污染 global air pollution 全球性大气污染 ground water pollution 地下水污染 heavy metal pollution 重金属污染 indoor air pollution 室内空气污染 industrial pollution 工业污染 information pollution 信息污染 large-scale pollution 大范围[大规模]污染 marine pollution 海洋污染 ocean pollution 海洋污染 municipal pollution 城市污染 noise pollution 噪声污染 nuclear pollution 核污染 odor pollution 恶臭污染 oil pollution of waters 水域油污 anic pollution 有机污染 radioactive pollution 放射性污染 regional pollution 地区性污染 reservoir pollution 水库污染 river pollution 河流污染 seawater pollution 海水污染 secondary pollution 次生[二次]污染 shipping pollution 航运污染 soil pollution 土壤污染 stream pollution 河流[水域]污染 visual pollution 视觉污染 surface water pollution 地面水污染 water quality pollution 水质污染 pollution in wide area 大面积污染; 广泛污染 pollution of beaches 海滩[海滨]污染 pollution of estuary 河口湾[港湾]污染

acoustical pollution 声响污染 aerial pollution 空气污染 agricultural pollution 农业污染 air pollution 大气污染 aquatic pollution 水污染 bacterial pollution 细菌污染 coal *** oke pollution 煤烟污染 munity pollution 居民区污染 dust pollution 灰尘污染 environment pollution 环境污染 food pollution 食物污染 freshwater pollution 淡水污染 global air pollution 全球性大气污染 indoor air pollution 室内空气污染 industrial pollution 工业污染 marine pollution 海洋污染 ocean pollution 海洋污染 municipal pollution 城市污染 noise pollution 噪声污 radioactive pollution 放射性污染 regional pollution 地区性污染 river pollution 河流污染 seawater pollution 海水污染 soil pollution 土壤污染 stream pollution 水质污染

参考: me

air pollutiion wate pollution noise pollution land pollution light pollution

（120字左右）用英语介绍造成空气污染的成因带翻译

Air

pollution

is

one

of

the

major

problems

of

the

modern

world.

A

great

deal

of

energy

is

needed

to

run

the

factories

of

modern

industrial

nations.

Automobile,

trains,

planes

and

busses

need

energy,

too.

Nearly

all

of

this

energy

is

produced

by

burning

fuels.

The

burning

produces

wastes,

some

of

which

remain

in

the

air,

causing

air

pollution.

Scientists

are

finding

ways

to

stop

air

pollution

especially

in

big

industrial

areas

and

densely-populated

cities.

They

are

studying

new

ways

of

generating

electricity

that

may

be

less

damaging

to

the

environment.

In

the

meantime,

many

power

plants

are

being

modernized

to

give

off

less

polluted

material.

Also,

engineers

try

to

design

and

locate

new

power

plants

to

do

minimum

damage

to

the

environment.

However,

it

may

be

that

we

still

have

a

long

way

to

go

before

we

have

a

"clean"

world.

Nearly

all

of

the

countries

are

trying

hard

to

prevent

and

control

air

pollution.

There

indeed

seems

to

be

no

end

to

tasks

that

environmentalists

will

be

required

to

do.

People

will

continually

find

new

ways

to

control

pollution.

翻译:空气污染是当今世界几大主要问题之一。现代工厂的运作需要极大的能源。汽车，火车，飞机和公交车也需要能源。几乎所有的能量都是由燃料的燃烧产生。燃烧的过程中产生废物，其中有些就残留在空气中，引起了空气污染。

后面的就不翻译了，额。

楼主看看吧，好就给分吧。

这里再给你一篇:

AIR

POLLUTION

Sandstorms

and

the

dust

and

gases

from

volcanoes

pollute

the

earth's

atmosphere

naturally.

But

the

most

serious

kind

of

air

pollution

comes

from

people.

Factories,

power

stations,

and

rehicles

exhausts[1]

pump

harmful

gases

into

the

air,

contributing

to

global

warming,

causing

acid

rain[2],

and

destroying

the

ozone

layer.

On

a

much

smaller

scale,

air

pollution

causes

all

sorts

of

breathing

problems.

There

are

no

simple

solutions

to

air

pollution,

but

people

could

reduce

air

pollution

by

saving

energy

and

reducing

harmful

emissions

from

vehicle

exhausts

and

power

stations.

When

a

volcano

erupts,

dust

is

blasted[3]

high

above

the

troposphere

and

may

take

weeks

to

be

carried

around

the

weather

zone,

so

cannot

be

washed

out

of

the

air

by

rain.

It

will

eventually

fall

to

the

earth

after

a

few

years.

Air

pollution

is

at

its

worst

over

big

cities

where

millions

of

people

live,

work,

and

travel

about

in

cars,

buses,

and

trucks.

Factory

chimmeys

can

be

fitted

with

devices

to

cut

down[4]

air

pollution,

but

this

is

expensive.

If

better

pubic

transport

and

cycle

lanes

were

available

in

towns

and

cities,

people

would

be

less

likely

to

use

their

cars,

reducing

the

overall

amount

of

pollution.

Smoking

cigarettes

adds

to

the

general

levels

of

air

pollution

as

well

as

damaging

our

health.

Cigarette

smoke

contains

chemicals

that

can

cause

cancer,

a

gas

which

stops

oxygen

being

taken

into

the

blood

and

a

substance

called

nicotine,

which

raises

blood

pressure

and

makes

the

heart

beat

faster.

No-smoking

areas

cut

down

on

this

pollution

and

save

non-smokers

breathing

in

other

people's

cigarette

smoke.

空气污染

沙暴和火山爆发喷出的尘埃和有毒气体自然而然地对地球大气造成的污染，然而最严重的空气污染却来自人类。工厂、火力发电站和车辆将有害废气排放到空气中，是造成全球气候变暖，出现酸雨，破坏臭氧层的罪魁祸首。就更小的范围来看，空气污染会引发各种呼吸道疾病。没有解决空气污染的简单办法，但人们可以通过节约能源、减少车辆和火力发电站的有害气体排放来达到降低污染的目的。

火山爆发时，尘埃被高高喷射入对流层以上的空间，需要几个星期才飘浮移至气象层，因而雨水无法将其从大气中冲走。几年之后，尘埃将最终漂落在地球上。

好几百万人在城市里工作、生活，还以轿车、公共汽车和卡车为交通工具，因而这种百万人口的城市空气污染最为严重。工厂烟囱可以安装滤清装置以减少空气污染，但成本昂贵。如能改善城镇公共交通，并设置自行车车道，人们就不再会热衷于使用自家汽车，从而达到全面减少污染的目的。

吸烟不仅对健康有害，而且增加空气污染程度。香烟雾含有多种有害物质:不仅有致癌化学物质、有某种能阻止氧气进入血液的气体，还有引起血压增高、心速加快的被称为尼古丁的物质。设立禁烟区有助于减少污染，并能使不吸烟者免受被动吸烟之害。

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